The so-called isometric (or ‘wafer’) technology, in which lattice tubes are formed of circular, spiral and linear rods, is frequently used in the manufacture of modern satellites. Isogrid lattice tubes are used to construct load-bearing parts of satellites, satellite bars and masts, the arms supporting large reflectors, and the casings of solar batteries.

Isogrid lattices are made by means of the continuous automated winding of the reinforced material -which consists of fibers of composite materials (carbon-epoxy) — around a rotating core. A special mechanism controls the winding angle and the placing of the reinforced material.

Carbon fiber is a material composed of thin threads with a diameter of 3-15 microns, made primarily of carbon atoms. These atoms are connected with microscopic crystals which are placed parallel to each other. Carbon fiber is made through the heat treatment of chemical or natural organic fibers. Carbon fibers are highly resistant to the effects of heat in a vacuum — their mechanical structure is unaffected even in temperatures as high as 1600-2000°С.

Composite materials based on carbon fibers are widely used in the construction of machines used in space. In space the surface temperature of the surface of satellites when they are in the Earth’s shadow can fall to –160°С, while it increases to +120° when they are in direct sunlight. Metal constructions expand and contract in response to such changes in temperature. Traditional metals such as titanium and aluminum in the construction of satellites are thus being used less and less in the construction of satellites. Currently about 60% of the structure and parts of satellites are made of carbon-epoxy. Carbon-epoxy has exactly the properties that are required for operation in space: it is light, strong, has low thermoconductivity and does not expand when the temperature increases. Carbon-epoxy has half the density of aluminum, and thus parts made of this material are very light. By decreasing the mass of a satellite it is possible to increase its payload.