The book Apostle was printed in 1690-s in the city of Vilna (today’s Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania). The historians believe it was issued by the printing house of Luca and Kuzma Mamonich — distinguished book publishers of the 17th century. Mamonich brothers printed religious books in Latin, Old Church Slavonic, Polish and Old Belorussian languages.
Book Apostle
Creation period
1690-s
Dimensions
27,2x18x6 cm
27.2х18х6 cm
27.2х18х6 cm
Technique
Wood, leather, mill paper, letterpress printing, impression, half-running hand
Collection
Exhibition
1
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Book Apostle
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This Apostle comprises two parts of the New Testament: Works telling about the lives of the Disciples of Christ after the crucifixion and resurrection, and Epistles of Saint Apostles — theological texts about faith and morality. The priests were reading abstracts from them during the church services.
To be able to find the desired abstract fast enough, the book was divided into parts according to different types of the church services. For this, special marks called commencements were used. Usually they started with the word Brethren or with a name, e.g., Son Philemon.
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In the 17th century, paper for books was manufactured in paper mills — specialized factories, where craftsmen cooked thick fibrous mass from rags and plant fiber. Then they poured this mass into flat mesh trays, leveled it out, dried and cut into sheets of the desired size. It was called mill paper based on the manufacturing method.
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The text of Apostle was composed in half-running hand — small round type resembling handwriting. Until 1708, it was used for all printed publications, and then Peter the Great introduced civil type for secular books. Half-running hand was preserved only in religious books.
Book Apostle
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A separate mould was casted for each letter. The mould mirrored the letter. Words were composed from such moulds on a special board, which was then covered with dye. After that, paper sheets were pressed against such board to receive a print. The main text was black, dropped capitals in the beginning of the chapters and some important fragments were printed in red.
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Book-cover of Apostle
The book-cover for Apostle was made of wood lined with leather. Its face was decorated with impressed ornaments — interweaved stems and leaves. For the book not to lose its shape and serve for longer time, the book-cover could be fastened with two metallic clasps.
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The book Apostle was transferred to the collection of Bryansk local museum from the collections of the State History Museum in Moscow. It was restored several times: cleaned and restored the covers, clasps and flyleaves, and glued the sheets which had fallen out during using the book.
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State Budgetary Cultural Institution Bryansk State Regional Ethnography Museum
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Book Apostle
Creation period
1690-s
Dimensions
27,2x18x6 cm
27.2х18х6 cm
27.2х18х6 cm
Technique
Wood, leather, mill paper, letterpress printing, impression, half-running hand
Collection
Exhibition
1
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