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Atlas “Topographical Anatomy”

Creation period
1852–1859
Dimensions
52x39,5 cm
Technique
lithography; paper, cardboard, leather
3
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#6
Nikolay Pirogov
Atlas ‘Topographical Anatomy’
#7
By the middle of the 19th century, surgeons were trained with the use of atlases, which depicted the systems of human organs separately from each other. Anatomists drew organs after cadaver dissection — for this purpose they had to open cavities, destroy connective tissue, as well as remove fiber. This approach caused the change of mutual disposition of organs.

Based on his practical experience, the Russian surgeon and scientist Nikolay Pirogov came to the conclusion that it is not suitable to train specialists using such atlases. While working at the Anatomical Institute under the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, he suggested a new method to study the exact location of organs and tissues in the human body. Pirogov froze fresh cadavers at a temperature of -25°C to the density of wood. It took 2-3 days. Then, using a special saw brought from a carpentry factory, the scientist sawed the frozen corpses into parallel plates several millimeters thick.

The cadaver was cut in three projections: along the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior sections (frontal projection), across the body (horizontal) and along the body, dividing it into left and right halves (sagittal). The images from the cut plates were covered with scale pattern glass and then redrawn in full size on scale paper. By combining and comparing the images, a surgeon could get a full picture of the organs and systems disposition to each other. During the operation, a doctor mentally imagined frontal, horizontal and sagittal cuts made through one point or another.

Pirogov wrote about these saw cuts in his autobiography:
#9
Excellent specimens were made, extremely instructive for doctors. The position of many organs (heart, stomach, intestines) turned out to be far from how it is usually like during dissections, as organs' position changes very drastically due to air pressure and integrity damage of the hermetically sealed cavities. Both the Germans and the French later tried to mimic my accomplishments, but I can safely say that no one has yet presented such a complete picture of the normal state of organs as I have.
#10
The Military Medical Museum houses the first volume of the atlas ‘Topographic Anatomy’, pages with personal notes of its creator Nikolay Pirogov, and several lithographic stones that served to imprint the drawings.
#11
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Atlas “Topographical Anatomy”

Creation period
1852–1859
Dimensions
52x39,5 cm
Technique
lithography; paper, cardboard, leather
3
Point your smartphone camera to open in the app
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